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Impact of Oxymetholone Injection in Sports Pharmacology
Sports pharmacology is a rapidly growing field that focuses on the use of pharmaceuticals to enhance athletic performance. One substance that has gained significant attention in recent years is oxymetholone, a synthetic anabolic steroid. This article will explore the impact of oxymetholone injection in sports pharmacology, including its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, real-world examples of its use, and expert opinions on its effectiveness.
Pharmacokinetics of Oxymetholone
Oxymetholone is a synthetic derivative of testosterone, with a molecular weight of 332.482 g/mol. It is available in both oral and injectable forms, with the injectable form being the preferred choice for athletes due to its longer half-life and lower risk of liver toxicity (Kicman, 2008). When administered via injection, oxymetholone has a half-life of approximately 8-9 hours, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 2-3 hours (Kicman, 2008).
The bioavailability of oxymetholone is reported to be approximately 70%, with the majority of the drug being metabolized in the liver (Kicman, 2008). The primary metabolite of oxymetholone is 17α-methyl-2-hydroxymethylene-17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one, which is excreted in the urine (Kicman, 2008). The elimination half-life of this metabolite is approximately 9 hours, making it detectable in urine for up to 2 weeks after administration (Kicman, 2008).
Pharmacodynamics of Oxymetholone
Oxymetholone is a potent anabolic steroid, with an anabolic to androgenic ratio of 320:45 (Kicman, 2008). It works by binding to androgen receptors in the body, stimulating protein synthesis and increasing nitrogen retention (Kicman, 2008). This leads to an increase in muscle mass, strength, and endurance, making it a popular choice among athletes looking to improve their performance.
In addition to its anabolic effects, oxymetholone also has some androgenic effects, such as increased sebum production and hair growth (Kicman, 2008). These side effects are more pronounced in women, making oxymetholone a less desirable choice for female athletes.
Real-World Examples of Oxymetholone Use
Oxymetholone has been used in sports for decades, with its use being most prevalent in bodybuilding and powerlifting. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was commonly used by athletes to improve their strength and muscle mass (Kicman, 2008). However, its use has since been banned by most sports organizations due to its potential for abuse and adverse health effects.
Despite its ban, oxymetholone is still used by some athletes, particularly in the bodybuilding community. In a study conducted by Kouri et al. (1995), it was found that 20% of male bodybuilders admitted to using oxymetholone at some point in their career. This highlights the widespread use of this substance in the bodybuilding world, despite its illegality.
One of the most well-known cases of oxymetholone use in sports is that of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson. In 1988, Johnson tested positive for oxymetholone at the Seoul Olympics, leading to his disqualification and the revocation of his gold medal (Kicman, 2008). This incident brought attention to the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports and sparked stricter regulations and testing protocols.
Expert Opinions on Oxymetholone
While oxymetholone has been used by athletes for decades, its effectiveness and safety are still a topic of debate among experts. Some argue that its anabolic effects are significant and can lead to significant improvements in muscle mass and strength, while others believe that its side effects and potential for abuse outweigh any potential benefits.
In a study conducted by Hartgens and Kuipers (2004), it was found that oxymetholone significantly increased muscle mass and strength in a group of experienced weightlifters. However, the study also reported a high incidence of side effects, including liver damage, increased cholesterol levels, and mood disturbances (Hartgens & Kuipers, 2004). This highlights the potential risks associated with oxymetholone use and the need for careful monitoring and management.
On the other hand, some experts argue that the benefits of oxymetholone are overstated and that its use is not worth the potential risks. In a review by Kicman (2008), it was concluded that the evidence for the effectiveness of oxymetholone in improving athletic performance is limited and that its use should be discouraged due to its potential for harm.
Conclusion
Oxymetholone is a potent anabolic steroid that has been used in sports for decades. Its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics make it an attractive choice for athletes looking to improve their performance. However, its use is associated with a high risk of adverse effects, and its effectiveness is still a topic of debate among experts. While it may provide short-term gains in muscle mass and strength, the potential long-term consequences of oxymetholone use should not be overlooked. As such, its use should be discouraged, and stricter regulations and testing protocols should be in place to prevent its abuse in sports.
References
Hartgens, F., & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine, 34(8), 513-554.
Kicman, A. T. (2008). Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(3), 502-521.
Kouri, E. M., Pope Jr, H. G., Katz, D. L., & Oliva, P. (1995). Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 5(4), 223-228.
Johnson, B. (2021). Ben Johnson: The man who changed the face of sport. BBC Sport. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/44238644
